Introduction to Crystallography

PrefaceChapter 1 Crystals and lattices1-1 Definition of a crystal1-2 Lattice points1-3 Unit cells1-4 Fractional coordinates1-5 Unit cell calculations1-6 Primitive and centered cellsChapter 2 Symmetry2-1 Introduction2-2 Definition of symmetry2-3 Symmetry operations and elements of symmetry2-4 Rotation axes2-5 Mirror planes2-6 Identity2-7 Center of symmetry2-8 Improper rotation axes2-9 Point symmetry2-10 Combinations of symmetry elements2-11 Point groups2-12 Group multiplication table2-13 Point group nomenclature2-14 Determination of point groups2-15 Limitation on combinations of symmetry elementsChapter 3 Crystal systems and geometry3-1 Classification of unit cells3-2 Restrictions imposed by symmetry on unit cell dimensions3-3 Crystal systems3-4 Limitations on symmetry in crystals3-5 Hermann-Mauguin notation3-6 Bravais lattices3-7 Distinction between trigonal and hexagonal systems3-8 Crystal planes and indices3-9 Law of rational indices3-10 Interplanar spacingsChapter 4 Space groups and equivalent positions4-1 Translational symmetry4-2 Screw axes4-3 Glide planes4-4 Space groups4-5 "Relationship between space groups, point groups, and physical properties"4-6 Equivalent positions4-7 Special positions4-8 Space group tables in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography4-9 Examples of the use of space group tables4-10 Equivalent positions and the choice or originChapter 5 X-ray diffraction5-1 Periodicity and structural information5-2 The diffraction grating5-3 Diffraction of X rays by crystals5-4 The Laue equations5-5 Rotating crystal method5-6 Bragg's law5-7 Generalization of Miller indices5-8 Weissenberg camera5-9 Buerger precession techniques5-10 Comparison of Weissenberg and precession techniques5-11 Information obtained from diffraction patterns5-12 Electron density function5-13 Fourier series5-14 Fourier expansion of electron density5-15 Intensities of diffraction spots5-16 The phase problem5-17 Calculation of structure factors5-18 Effect of thermal vibration5-19 Structure factors of centrosymmetric crystals5-20 Friedel's law5-21 Laue groups5-22 Structure factors of sodium chloride5-23 Extinctions due to glide planes5-24 Extinctions due to screw axesChapter 6 Determination of atomic positions6-1 Solutions of structure factor equations6-2 The Patterson function6-3 Heavy-atom methods6-4 Isomorphous replacement 6-5 Superposition methods6-6 Inequalities6-7 Sayre-Cochran-Zachariasen relationship6-8 Hauptman-Karle methods6-9 Summary of phase-determining methods6-10 RefinementChapter 7 Some simple structures7-1 Close packing7-2 Cubic close packing7-3 Hexagonal close-packed structure7-4 Body-centered cubic7-5 Diamond structure7-6 Graphite structure7-7 Other elements7-8 Sodium chloride structure7-9 Cesium chloride structure7-10 Fluorite structure7-11 Rutile structure7-12 Zinc sulfide structure7-13 Zincite structure7-14 Other structuresAppendix 1 The 230 space groupsAppendix 2 The reciprocal latticeAppendix 3 The powder methodSolutions to exercisesIndex